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  UNIT THREE



GOLD




REPORTED SPEECH

 Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech. direct speech: 'I work in a bank,' said Daniel. indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank.


Phrase in Direct SpeechEquivalent in Reported Speech
Simple presentSimple past
"I always drink coffee", she saidShe said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuousPast continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.He explained that he was reading a book
Simple pastPast perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday.
Present perfectPast perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.He told me that he had been to Spain.
Past perfectPast perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuousPast perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuousPast perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.They told me that they had been living in Paris.
FuturePresent conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said.He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuousConditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.

  • He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
  • We explained that it is very difficult to find our house.

 

These modal verbs do not change in reported speech: might, could, would, should, ought to:

  • We explained, "It could be difficult to find our house." = We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
  • She said, "I might bring a friend to the party." = She said that she might bring a friend to the party.

  • How to Use 'Say' and 'Tell'


    In reported statements, we can use either 'say' or 'tell'. The meaning is the same, but the grammar is different. For example:

    Direct speech:

    • John: "I'll be late".
    Reported speech:
    • John said (that) he would be late.
    OR
    • John told me (that) he was going to be late.

    With 'tell' we NEED the object (e.g. 'me', 'you', 'her').
    With 'say' we CAN'T use the object (e.g. 'me', 'them', 'us').

    So we CAN'T say:

    • “John said me that he would be late.”
    • “John told that he would be late.”

    Here are some correct examples:

    • Julie said (that) she'd come to the party.
    • I said (that) I was going to bed early.
    • He told me (that) he loved living in London.
    • They told John (that) they would arrive at six.
  • CONDITIONALS
  • TOPIC TWO

  • CONDITIONALS EXPLANATION







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