ARTICLE AND NO ARTICLE How can I work out the correct article? As you write, ask yourself: Is the noun countable or uncountable? Is it specific or not clearly identified? Countable vs uncountable nouns To use articles correctly, you must first be able to recognise if the noun is countable (C) or uncountable (U). Countable nouns can be plural: essay, essays; child, children Uncountable nouns are generally singular: research, information, weather Check if a noun is countable (C) or uncountable (U) using a dictionary. When do I use an indefinite article – ‘a/an’? A/an is only used with singular, countable nouns. It refers to one example of many possibilities and does not identify an exact person or thing. For example: I have read a book on this topic. (i.e. one of several books, but we do not know which book) For indefinite, uncountable nouns, either no article is used, or we use a word that describes quantity such as some, considerable, little. For example: Water leaked throu
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VERBS PATTERNS 2: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING A LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT read the paragraph and answer the questions PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND PFRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE OR CONTINUOUS The present perfect simple usually focuses on the result of the activity in some way, and the present perfect continuous usually focuses on the activity itself in some way. Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous Focuses on the result Focuses on the activity You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely! I've been gardening. It's so nice out there. Says 'how many' Says 'how long' She's read ten books this summer. She's been reading that book all day. Describes a completed action Describes an activity which may continue I've written you an email. I've been writing emails. When we can see evidence of recent activity The grass looks wet. Has it been raining? I know, I'm really red. I've been running!
Verb Patterns 2 REMEMBER, TRY, STOP, FORGET, REGRET They can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive with a change in meaning. Remember + gerund This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like being able to see a movie of it in your head. I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach). He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door). Remember + to + infinitive This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the thing). I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk came into my head, so I bought some). She remembered to send a card to her grandmother. Forget + gerund This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something that you've done in the past. Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it. I told my brother that
COLOMBIA NATIONAL STRIKE We protest against recent state killings started off in a passionate yet peaceful manner. What provoked these protests was yet another tax reform from the extreme right-wing government of Iván Duque, the third of his government The three tax reforms of the Duque administration (2018–2022) have one common denominator: benefits for the large companies and a greater tax burden for 80 percent of the population, which is poor and vulnerable, through a mechanism that squeezes from both sides: on one hand, higher taxes on their personal income, and on the other hand taxes on their consumption of basic foodstuff. Colombia’s specialized riot squad attacked the demonstration, as it did in other parts of the country. The anger of the population was so great, though, that people did not bow down and rioting broke out practically everywhere. The police attacked the demonstrations with the usual weapons — tear gas, stun grenades, and batons. They also entered poor neighborh